Where is Lead Found? Minus Related Pages. On This Page. Learning Objectives. Upon completion of this section, you will be able to Describe potential sources of lead exposure in the United States today. Lead-contaminated house dust is the major source of exposure for children in the United States, resulting from higher lead content paint that remains in older buildings.
Lead in lead-glazed food containers may contaminate water, food, and beverages without being seen, tasted, or smelled. Lead may be found in and around workplaces where lead is used as well as in waste materials from production processes. Lead concentrations in soil, air, and water can be especially high near the sites of historic or ongoing mining operations or smelters.
While BLLs over time are consistently declining in the United States, it is still a serious health problem for many people, particularly children in urban areas. Economic Costs of Childhood Lead Poisoning. Childhood lead poisoning alone accounts for the vast majority of these costs, which includes Medical costs, Disability, Education, and Parental lost work time.
Lead-Based Paint in Homes and Buildings. In addition to degradation of interior paint, lead may be tracked into homes in significant quantities from exterior soil contaminated by historical use of lead in Paint exterior sources , Gasoline, or Industries old smelters. Lead may be released through past or ongoing home renovation.
Even though leaded paint may be covered with non-leaded paint, lead dust may still be released into the home environment by Chalking, Chipping, Friction Impact, or Peeling. Rental homes are likely to have less frequent improvements and poor maintenance, thus allowing older lead-containing paint to peel and flake.
The older the house, the more likely it is to: Contain lead-based paint, Have a higher concentration of lead in the paint, and Have paint that is deteriorated.
The amount of lead allowable in paint was lowered by federal law to 1. Lead in Drinking Water. Homes built before are more likely to have lead pipes, fixtures, and solder, although newer homes may also be at risk if they are built in older neighborhoods see below.
Corrosion build up on the inside of galvanized pipes can create the potential for lead to accumulate over time. Acidic water can contribute to the leaching of lead from pipes into the drinking water supply.
Boiling water will not eliminate lead. Foods and Beverages Contaminated with Lead. Lead may contaminate food during Production, Processing, Packaging, and Storage. Production Production sources may include Leaf and root vegetable uptake of lead from soil, Deposits of atmospheric lead onto leafy vegetables [Levin et al.
Packaging Lead in packaging may contaminate food. Bright red and yellow paints and print on bread bags and candy food wrappers from other countries, particularly Mexico, have been found to contain lead [FDA ; Levin et al.
Lead-glazed pottery, particularly if it is imported, is often overlooked as a potential source of lead exposure. Wine or other alcoholic drinks stored in leaded-crystal glassware may become contaminated.
Food grown in lead contaminated soil from historic use of lead-containing pesticides in the United States such as lead arsenate used as an insecticide or fungicide in orchards. Commercial Products. Middle Eastern remedies and cosmetics that contain lead include Alkohl, Cebagin, and Saoott.
Cited By. This article is cited by 11 publications. Alexander J. Cresswell , Stanley T. Eey , Scott E. Katalytische stereoselektive Dihalogenierung von Alkenen: Herausforderungen und Chancen. Angewandte Chemie , 52 , Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 54 52 , Chemically oxidative fluorination with fluoride ions. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry , , Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Lead.
For example, children living in older homes can still breathe in or ingest dust or paint chips from peeling lead paint on the walls. Lead can also leach into the drinking water supply through older, corroded lead pipes, faucets and solder. Nearly all homes built before the s have lead solder connecting to copper pipes, according to Plumbing Manufacturers International.
Even some major U. When the water chemistry is very carefully controlled, however, it keeps lead from leaching into the drinking water. Most cases of lead poisoning are due to chronic low-dose exposure. Since symptoms of slow lead poisoning are mainly emotional and mental in nature, lead poisoning may be the last thing people suspect.
Children are at the greatest risk. Lead can delay physical and mental development in babies and young children. In adults, slow accumulation of lead can result in kidney and nervous system damage, anemia, stroke or cancer, according to Utah State University.
Quan Lu is an associate professor of environmental genetics and pathophysiology at Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health. In , Canada refined , tonnes of lead. Refined production stayed relatively stable before a decreasing trend beginning in In , Canada refined , tonnes, 96, tonnes of which were from primary sources while , tonnes were from recycled material. China was the world leader in lead production from mines in with 2. This bar graph shows the world's annual mine production of lead from to Production was 4.
In , Canada ranked eighth in world production of refined lead with , tonnes. Global production was almost 12 million tonnes. China was the biggest producer with 5. This bar graph shows the world's annual refined production of lead from to Production was Although there was some variability between and , production showed a general upward trend. Total world lead reserves were an estimated Geological Survey.
This line graph shows the average price in US dollars per tonne of lead from to
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