Estimates vary, but the Taiping Rebellion is believed to have claimed between 20 million and 70 million lives, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in human history. Jonathan D. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Thomas H. Matthew White. Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Patricia Buckley Ebrey. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. In , in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion or the Boxer Uprising , a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.
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The movement had a populist message. Some of the primary plans of the Taiping Revolution were the establishment of collective ownership of property, gender equality and an eternal reward based on Christian doctrine. The foundations of the collectivist governing structure came from The Rites of Zhou, an ancient text which prescribed rules for equitable distribution of resources to each family. The movement was divinely-inspired. Hong Xiuqiang learned Christian principles from an American missionary and the movement found a home at Thistle Mountain, where its worshippers gathered.
The religion drew from Chinese Confucianism, ideas from ancient Chinese texts, and Christian beliefs to create a unique religion.
The movement was far-reaching. The Qing used foreign power to crush the rebels. The Qing government could attain the support of foreign governments , Great Britain and France , to fight the rebels. After all, the Europeans were able to force the young Manchu emperor from his capital, Peking, with a relatively small force. Eventually, however, Britain threw its full support to the Qing, after deciding that the commercial advantage lay with them rather than with the rebel Taiping. The rebellion began in the southern Chinese city of Suzhou and was carried out by a group of unassimilated northern residents, known as Hakkas, who were formed into the Taiping Sect, a disciplined army of , men and , women, who didn't drink, gamble or smoke.
After clashing with imperial soldiers in July , the Taiping sect conquered most of southern China in , and marched north smashing Buddhist, Confucius and Taoist temples and idols as they went.
Bent on establishing what Hung termed the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace, the T'ai-p'ing Rebellion rapidly spread out of control, with the regular Green Standard and Banner forces unable to stabilize the situation. Hong had a following in the thousands who were heavily anti-Manchu and antiestablishment. Hong's followers formed a military organization to protect against bandits and recruited troops not only among believers but also from among other armed peasant groups and secret societies.
In Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprising in Guizhou Province. Rebelling against the Qing Dynasty and the decadence it spawned, the sect set up an independent, utopian society based on sexual equality and puritanical Christian values. In the territories it brought under control it abolished slavery, foot biding, polygamy and arranged marriages.
The Taiping Rebellion spread into 16 of 18 of China's provinces. More than walled cities were captured, including Nanking, which became the Taiping capital. The Jintian Uprising is regarded as the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion. It was an armed revolt formally declared by Hong Xiuquan on January 11, Named after Jintian present-day Guiping, Guangxi , where it took place, it was the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion.
Around , a famine broke out in Guangxi and the Tiandihui Heaven and Earth Society rose in rebellion against the ruling Qing Dynasty. By the 7th lunar month of , Hong Xiuquan had amassed over 20, followers, who were all gathered at Jintian. In preparation for an uprising, Hong organized these men into military formations, each led by commanders with military ranks: a marshal commanded five divisional marshals; each divisional marshal commanded five brigade marshals and so on down to each company leader who had four soldiers under him.
As the Qing imperial army in Guangxi was lacking in strength, with only about 30, troops, and was occupied with suppressing the Tiandihui's rebellion, Hong Xiuquan and his followers were able to build their forces without being noticed by the government. In , Hong Xiuquan led a rebellion of peasants against the Qing dynasty in Jintian.
He went on to establish a state called the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom there. His former command center was surrounded by earthworks two meters high and meters long.
According to Chen Yongxiang, deputy curator of a memorial hall at the Historic Site of Jintian Uprising of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom,, a large flag bearing the title Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was placed in front of the stone on the day of the revolt. When Hong exhorted his followers to rise up, the flag suddenly lifted and fluttered despite the lack of wind.
His followers are said to have shouted, "Crush the Qing dynasty! Nanjing University Prof. Cui Zhiqing, an expert on the Taiping Rebellion described the social backdrop to Yomiuri Shimbun: "In the Guangxi district, farmland had not been expanded as the population increased, and as a result, there were a great many poor farmers and jobless people.
These circumstances inspired many poor people to join his sect, which decreed the creation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom captured Nanjing and made it their capital, and controlled large parts of southern China. The rebels wanted to replace other religions with Christianity, and to keep sexes separate — even married couples. They also sought to end private land ownership and private trade.
Hong made rapid progress; in he captured Hankow, and in Nanking, the important centre in the east. With clear political insight he made Nanking his capital. In this he returned to the old traditions of the beginning of the Ming epoch, no doubt expecting in this way to attract support from the eastern Chinese gentry, who had no liking for a capital far away in the north.
He made a parade of adhesion to the ancient Chinese tradition: his followers cut off their pigtails and allowed their hair to grow as in the past. Hong's followers pressed on from Nanking, and in they advanced nearly to Tianjin Tientsin , just outside Beijing, ; but they failed to capture Beijing itself.
Should they work with it or against it? The Taiping always insisted that they were Christians; the missionaries hoped now to have the opportunity of converting all China to Christianity. The Taiping treated the missionaries well but did not let them operate.
After long hesitation and much vacillation, however, the Europeans placed themselves on the side of the Manchus.
Not out of any belief that the Taiping movement was without justification, but because they had concluded treaties with the Manchu government and given loans to it, of which nothing would have remained if the Manchus had fallen; because they preferred the weak Manchu government to a strong Taiping government; and because they disliked the socialistic element in many of the measured adopted by the Taiping.
Sue Gronewold, a specialist in modern history. Investigating Rebellion The Chinese state was so vast and the government's control over its dominions so stretched out that local uprisings were always a problem. The nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in the number of uprisings and they posed a serious challenge to a state weakened by demographic disasters and foreign encroachment.
Politics, society, and economic life were all disrupted. Furthermore, as with the Taiping Rebellion, many of these uprisings incorporated new ideas alongside traditional Chinese beliefs. Trace the changes both in these uprisings and in the Chinese government's response to them by creating and filling in the chart containing the following:.
Taiping Beliefs The Taipings took their beliefs from many different sources. Suggested Activities Investigating Rebellion The Chinese state was so vast and the government's control over its dominions so stretched out that local uprisings were always a problem. Trace the changes both in these uprisings and in the Chinese government's response to them by creating and filling in the chart containing the following: On the horizontal axis: Characteristics: Leaders, Beliefs, Followers, Events, Response, and Outcome On the vertical axis: Uprisings: White Lotus ; 8 Trigrams ; Taiping ; Nian ; Miao ; Triads s ; Southwest Muslims ; Northwest Muslims ; Boxers Mapping Rebellion Locate a map which indicates the areas of China that were threatened with rebellion in the nineteenth century, or make your own with the information you found in your research for the above activity.
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