Orissa too had recovered its homogeneous integrity and the intelligentsia in the regions was educated in Kolkata and carried back with them the impact of the literary resurgence in Bengal. Kashmiri , Punjabi , and Sindhi had an even more retarded development, partly on account of the political conditions and partly because of the cultural glamour of Urdu in regions predominantly Muslim.
What is surprising is the rather late and tardy resurgence in the four Dravidian languages, which had had a longer and a richer literary past than the northern languages. The past has weighed more heavily on the south than on the north in India and nowhere more heavily than on Tamil Nadu. However, in course of time the creative spirit in these languages too responded to the impulse of the age, in as rich a flowering as in the other languages of India, led by Puttanna, 'Sri', and Kailasham in Kannada, by Kerala Varma and Chandu Menon in Malayalam, by Bharati and Kalki in Tamil, and Viresalingam and Guruzada Appa Rao in Telugu.
It is worth observing that the youngest of the Dravidian languages, Malayalam, has responded to the new age more dynamically than the oldest, Tamil, which even now looks too wistfully to the past. All the great events which have influenced European thought within the last one hundred years have also told, however feeble their effect may be, on the formation of the intellect of modern Bengal.
The independence of America, the French Revolution, the war of Italian independence, the teachings of history, the vigour and freedom of English literature and English thought, the great effort of the French intellect in the eighteenth century, the results of German labour in the field of philosophy and ancient history; Positivism, Utilitarianism, Darwinism, all these have influenced and shaped the intellect of modern Bengal.
From the beginning of the twentieth century Indian literature was increasingly coloured by political aspirations, passionately voiced in the songs and poems of the Tamil poet Bharati and the Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. The spiritual note of Indian poetry had attained a poignant and rapturous pitch in the medieval Vaishnava outpourings.
Tagore's Gitanjali is the swan song of this great tradition. The devotional content of poetry was henceforth increasingly replaced by the political, the ethical bias by the ideological, the plaintive tone by that of challenge and mockery, until the dominant note of Indian literature today is that of protest. On the whole, the impact on Indian writing of the mixed interaction has given a much-needed jolt to the smugness of the traditional attitude, with its age-old tendency to sentimental piety and glorification of the past.
In Bengal both these forms attained an early maturity in the hands of Tagore and have since made phenomenal progress under his younger contemporaries and successors namely Sarat Chandra Chatterjee achieved a popularity, both in Bengal and outside, which equalled, if not surpassed, that of Tagore. Moreover, English language had a great impact on the Indians and apart from its utilitarian value as a language of higher education in the sciences and as a 'link language', a fair number of Indian writers, including such eminent thinkers steeped in Indian thought as Vivekananda, Ranade, Gokhale, Aurobindo Ghose and Radhakrishnan, have voluntarily adopted it as their literary medium.
There has been, from Derozio in the s to R. Narayan today, an unbroken tradition of some gifted Indians choosing to write in English. The modern Indian literature is the representation of each aspect of modern life.
Happily, despite this clamour of sophistry, patriotic piety, and political bias, good literature continues to be written and, as it justifies itself, it helps to sharpen the reader's sensibility. Since the time of Tagore a growing minority of intelligent critics well versed in the literary traditions of their own country and of the West have bravely maintained a more wholesome approach that is neither overwhelmed by the burden of the past nor overawed by the glamour of the latest fashion.
This healthy trend of the modern Indian literature should gain in strength with a growing realization that, in the republic of letters as in that of men, a sensitive and well-trained critical apparatus and its judicious and fearless exercise are a prerequisite of happy results. Modern English poetry in India is one of the many new literatures which began to emerge at the end of the Second World War, after the end of colonialism.
Unlike Africa and Caribbean, creative writings, modern Indian poetry in English did not have an obvious direct relationship with the cultural movements that had led to national independence. The emergence of modern English poetry was a part of modernization which included urbanization, industrialization, mobility, independence, social change, increased in communication facilities in the form of films, television, radio, journals and newspapers , national and international transportation networks, mass education and the resulting paradox that as an independent national culture emerged and it also participated in the internationally modern, usually westernized world.
Last Updated on : More Articles in History of Indian Literature 7. Recently Updated Articles in Indian Literature. The early modern Indian literature, however, was greatly influenced by both adoption of the Western thoughts and ideas on the one hand and their rejection on the other.
The period between the midth and midth century thus saw the rise of a large number of literary works which often incorporated both the elements of Sanskrit and Western literature. The 20th century also saw the emergence of the Indian English literature which refers to literary works that are written by Indian authors in English language.
Naipaul, R. Indian Literature Just like China, India has over two millennia old literary history. His stories were grounded in a compassionate humanism and celebrated the humour and energy of ordinary life. He told stories of ordinary people trying to live their simple lives in a changing world. Narayan was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature multiple times but did not win the honor. Narayan was born on October 10, in Madras. His father was a provincial head master. Narayan spent his early childhood with his maternal grandmother, Parvathi in Madras and used to spend only a few weeks each summer visiting his parents and siblings.
Narayan moved back in with his parents. He took the name R. Narayan at the suggestion of Graham Greene. He learned Tamil and English in school. Narayan completed his education in and briefly worked as a teacher before deciding to devote himself to writing. He began with his first novel Swami and Friends in Besides novels, he wrote short stories, travelogues, condensed versions of Indian epics in English besides his memoir.
Narayan typically portrays the peculiarities of human relationships and the ironies of Indian daily life, in which modern urban existence clashes with ancient tradition. His style is graceful, marked by genial humour, elegance, and simplicity. Narayan wrote fourteen novels, five volumes of short stories, a number of travelogues and collections of non-fiction, condensed versions of Indian epics in English, and the memoir My Days.
In addition to works of nonfiction chiefly memoirs , he also published shortened modern prose versions of two Indian epics, The Ramayana and The Mahabharata In he was awarded the A. Besides, he was also conferred honorary doctorates by the University of Mysore, Delhi University and the University of Leeds.
Narayan died in at the age of He wrote for more than fifty years, and published until he was eighty seven. Rabindranth Tagore , a poet, philosopher and writer from Calcutta, was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in literature. He also helped introduce Indian literature to the West.
Tagore had a long white beard. He looked more like a holy man than a writer. In addition to being a poet and fiction writer he was also a dramatist, composer, playwright, painter, educator political thinker, and philosopher of science. Although he has been forgotten in much of the world and India he remains greatly loved among Bengalis in India and Bangladesh. Nehru once wrote, "Gandhi and Tagore. Two types entirely different from each other, and yet both of them typical of India There are many of course who may be abler than them or greater geniuses in their own line It is not so much because of any single virtue, but because of the tout ensemble , that is felt.
Among the world's great men today Gandhi and Tagore were supreme as human beings. Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in The chairman of the committee that selected him said, "In times to come, history will know better how to appraise the importance and influence of his work and draw inspiration from it.
Tagore was born in north Calcutta on May 6, into one of the richest and most progressive families in Bengal. His father was Maharishi Deberndranath Tagore, a famous intellectual in his own right. Tagore briefly studied in England in , exploring the works of Shakespeare, but returned to India to take care of his father's estates. Tagore came from an influential Bengali Brahman family of several generations of intellectuals.
Tagore died on August 7, at the age of 80 in the house where he was born. Tagore was good friends with Satyajit Ray. Most of Ray's best films were adaptions of Tagore works. Ray said the great poet was intimidating. His looks and everything, his beard and his enormous height, even his speech was very florid. He never used a wrong word. Everything was so incredible perfect. That's off-putting. Tagore traveled widely around the world. His visit to Southeast Asia in , in particular, opened his eyes to realise the role of Indian culture in a wider Asian framework.
Despite being rich, Tagore had great empathy for the poor. He had a famous meeting with Albert Einstein on July 14, Tagore wrote more than 2, songs about God, nature and love as well poems and prose. He also produced more than 2, paintings and drawings, 28 volumes of poetry, drama, operas, short stories, novels, essays, diaries and large number of letters. The emotional impact of the world was also equal yo the output.
Dharma- righteous behavior or religion. Artha- achievement of worldly wealth and prosperity. Kama- fulfillment of desires. Moksha- ultimate liberation. Puranas: They helped in development of early Vedic religion towards Hinduism.
Shastras and Smriti literature: Shastras contain work of philosophy and science. Ancient Sanskrit literature: A number of literary works have been written just prior to the beginning of Gupta age which had secular character.
The works of Kalidasa include the Kumarsambhava, the Raghuvamsha, the Meghaduta, the Abhijnanshakuntalam are considered classics in field of poetry and style. Bana wrote Harshacharita which is a biography of King Harsha and Kadambari. Bhavabhuti wrote Uttar-Ramayana. Bharavi wrote Kirtarjuniya. Vishakadutta wrote Mudra Rakshasa. Shudraka wrote Mricchakatika which covers social drama. Dandin wrote Daskumarcharita the tale of 10 prince. Facebook Twitter WhatsApp Email. Related Posts.
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