That is what all viruses have. Now, some viruses will also have an envelope which they obtain as they emerge from the cell. Viruses are very interesting in that they can only survive inside a living cell. So they must have a living cell in order to survive and replicate.
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, but vaccines are, as well as some antivirals. The project was led by Greninger and Louis Flamand, professor in the microbiology and immunology at Laval. The researchers were interested in two versions of human herpesvirus-6 HHV-6 that can integrate into chromosomes and be inherited like any other human gene. HHV-6B causes the common childhood illness, roseola. This infection affects about 90 percent of children early in life, causing high fevers and rash.
However, relatively little is known about the second virus, HHV-6A. After infection, both viruses can remain dormant in the body and reactivate later, particularly in people whose immune systems are suppressed. In the new study, the researchers looked at a form of the virus that is not acquired by infection but which about one in a hundred people inherit as part of their genome. About 8 percent of human DNA comes from viruses inserted into our genomes in the distant past, in many cases into the genomes of our pre-human ancestors millions of years ago.
Most of these viral genes come from retroviruses, RNA viruses that insert DNA copies of their own genes into our genomes when they infect cells. Infection of purified nuclei by adeno-associated virus 2.
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Wente, S. Yes and no. We probably all realize that viruses reproduce in some way. We can become infected with a small number of virus particles — by inhaling particles expelled when another person coughs, for instance — and then become sick several days later as the viruses replicate within our bodies. Likewise we probably all realize that viruses evolve over time.
Viruses do not, however, carry out metabolic processes. Most notably, viruses differ from living organisms in that they cannot generate ATP. Viruses also do not possess the necessary machinery for translation , as mentioned above.
They do not possess ribosomes and cannot independently form proteins from molecules of messenger RNA. Because of these limitations, viruses can replicate only within a living host cell. Therefore, viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. According to a stringent definition of life, they are nonliving. Not everyone, though, necessarily agrees with this conclusion. There is much debate among virologists about this question.
Three main hypotheses have been articulated: 1. The progressive, or escape, hypothesis states that viruses arose from genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells; 2. Figure 3 Figure Detail Figure 2 Figure Detail According to this hypothesis, viruses originated through a progressive process. Mobile genetic elements, pieces of genetic material capable of moving within a genome , gained the ability to exit one cell and enter another.
To conceptualize this transformation , let's examine the replication of retroviruses, the family of viruses to which HIV belongs. Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome. When the virus enters a host cell, a viral enzyme , reverse transcriptase , converts that single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA. This viral DNA then migrates to the nucleus of the host cell.
Another viral enzyme, integrase , inserts the newly formed viral DNA into the host cell's genome. Viral genes can then be transcribed and translated. Progeny viruses assemble and exit the cell to begin the process again Figure 2. This process very closely mirrors the movement of an important, though somewhat unusual, component of most eukaryotic genomes: retrotransposons. Like retroviruses, certain classes of retrotransposons, the viral-like retrotransposons, encode a reverse transcriptase and, often, an integrase.
With these enzymes, these elements can be transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA, and then integrated into a new location within the genome Figure 3. We can speculate that the acquisition of a few structural proteins could allow the element to exit a cell and enter a new cell, thereby becoming an infectious agent. Indeed, the genetic structures of retroviruses and viral-like retrotransposons show remarkable similarities.
In contrast to the progressive process just described, viruses may have originated via a regressive, or reductive, process. Microbiologists generally agree that certain bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, like Chlamydia and Rickettsia species , evolved from free-living ancestors.
Indeed, genomic studies indicate that the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and Rickettsia prowazekii may share a common, free-living ancestor Andersson et al. It follows, then, that existing viruses may have evolved from more complex, possibly free-living organisms that lost genetic information over time, as they adopted a parasitic approach to replication.
These viruses, which include smallpox virus and the recently discovered giant of all viruses, Mimivirus, are much bigger than most viruses La Scola et al.
A typical brick-shaped poxvirus, for instance, may be nm wide and nm long. About twice that size, Mimivirus exhibits a total diameter of roughly nm Xiao et al. Conversely, spherically shaped influenza virus particles may be only 80 nm in diameter, and poliovirus particles have a diameter of only 30 nm, roughly 10, times smaller than a grain of salt.
Again, poxvirus genomes often approach , base pairs, and Mimivirus has a genome of 1. In addition to their large size, the NCLDVs exhibit greater complexity than other viruses have and depend less on their host for replication than do other viruses.
Poxvirus particles, for instance, include a large number of viral enzymes and related factors that allow the virus to produce functional messenger RNA within the host cell cytoplasm.
Because of the size and complexity of NCLDVs, some virologists have hypothesized that these viruses may be descendants of more complex ancestors. According to proponents of this hypothesis, autonomous organisms initially developed a symbiotic relationship. Over time, the relationship turned parasitic, as one organism became more and more dependent on the other.
As the once free-living parasite became more dependent on the host, it lost previously essential genes. Eventually it was unable to replicate independently, becoming an obligate intracellular parasite, a virus. Analysis of the giant Mimivirus may support this hypothesis. This virus contains a relatively large repertoire of putative genes associated with translation — genes that may be remnants of a previously complete translation system.
Interestingly, Mimivirus does not differ appreciably from parasitic bacteria, such as Rickettsia prowazekii Raoult et al. Figure 4 The progressive and regressive hypotheses both assume that cells existed before viruses.
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